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[109][123][124] These sexual addictions are associated with a dopamine dysregulation syndrome which occurs in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. Lists the various brand names available for medicines containing amphetamine. The herbal supplement, St. John’s wort, and the nutritional supplement glutamic acid (L-glutamine) can interact with amphetamines. Today at 1:36 PM. [38] This effect can be useful in treating bed wetting and loss of bladder control. Amphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [64], In 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal healthy adults;[65][66] these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor α2 in the prefrontal cortex. Find information on amphetamine use, treatment, drug class and molecular formula. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. [34][27][83] These agencies indicate that people who have experienced allergic reactions to other stimulants or who are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should not take amphetamine,[34][27][83] although safe concurrent use of amphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors has been documented. Pages Liked by This Page. [46][207] In the first step, a reaction between phenylacetone and formamide, either using additional formic acid or formamide itself as a reducing agent, yields N-formylamphetamine. [110][112][131] In particular, aerobic exercise decreases psychostimulant self-administration, reduces the reinstatement (i.e., relapse) of drug-seeking, and induces increased dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) density in the striatum. [232][233] In spite of strict government controls, amphetamine has been used legally or illicitly by people from a variety of backgrounds, including authors,[234] musicians,[235] mathematicians,[236] and athletes. [48][28] During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects. [214], A significant number of amphetamine syntheses feature a reduction of a nitro, imine, oxime, or other nitrogen-containing functional groups. [45][196], Amphetamine is a methyl homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter phenethylamine with the chemical formula C9H13N. [sources 3], Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class. Methamphetamine is its own stimulant drug with far worse effects on the body. Visit cvs.com … In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of stimulants and antidepressants. Amphetamine (Glass, Crystal, Speed) sind Substanzen, die synthetisch hergestellt werden und zum Teil auch in Medikamenten zu finden sind. However, some studies show that any reduction in growth speed may be caught up by a “growth rebound” once the drug has stopped being taken. The ADHD-related outcome domains with the greatest proportion of significantly improved outcomes from long-term continuous stimulant therapy include academics (≈55% of academic outcomes improved), driving (100% of driving outcomes improved), non-medical drug use (47% of addiction-related outcomes improved), obesity (≈65% of obesity-related outcomes improved), self-esteem (50% of self-esteem outcomes improved), and social function (67% of social function outcomes improved). [106] Supplemental magnesium[note 14] treatment has been shown to reduce amphetamine self-administration (i.e., doses given to oneself) in humans, but it is not an effective monotherapy for amphetamine addiction. Amphetameme. [220], Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine;[204][228][229] its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties. [39][144] According to the same review, there is at least one trial that shows antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. [36][45][195] Among this group, the most closely related compounds are phenethylamine, the parent compound of amphetamine, and N-methylphenethylamine, an isomer of amphetamine (i.e., it has an identical molecular formula). [83] Symptoms of a moderate and extremely large overdose are listed below; fatal amphetamine poisoning usually also involves convulsions and coma. [139], An amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may involve a variety of symptoms, such as delusions and paranoia. [191][192][194] The field that studies these interactions is known as pharmacomicrobiomics. [sources 2], At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. [11] Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose. memes n ting. [134] The review indicated that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is positively correlated with the age of the individual and the extent of their dependence. [27] Zinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used for the treatment of ADHD. Amphetamine can produce many side effects, ranging from mild to severe. Log In. This can be hazardous, and, in some cases, fatal. It was developed in the 1950’s and was prescribed to people with depression, alcoholism, Parkinson’s, and obesity. Both stimulants cause increased blood pressure and a faster heart rate and they both speed up your metabolism and increase body temperature. 1, 2 Some types of amphetamines are legally prescribed by doctors to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (where a person has an uncontrollable urge to sleep). [sources 7], At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased alertness, apprehension, concentration, initiative, self-confidence and sociability, mood swings (elated mood followed by mildly depressed mood), insomnia or wakefulness, and decreased sense of fatigue. In literature. The free base is then dissolved in an organic solvent, sulfuric acid added, and amphetamine precipitates out as the sulfate salt. [67] Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Stimulants such as amphetamine (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin and Concerta) are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Withdrawal symptoms include depression and sleep disturbances. What is Adderall and how is it used? [220] Hence, the latter method may be used on samples that test positive using other methods to help distinguish between the various sources of the drug. People take it to boost libido, increase wakefulness, improve cognitive control, enhance sociability, and induce euphoria. Forgot account? [38] Amphetamine also has a slight analgesic effect and can enhance the pain relieving effects of opioids. [13][47][202], Since the first preparation was reported in 1887,[204] numerous synthetic routes to amphetamine have been developed. [62][63] A Cochrane review on the treatment of ADHD in children with tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome indicated that stimulants in general do not make tics worse, but high doses of dextroamphetamine could exacerbate tics in some individuals. Part I, “Amphetamine,” features solely Smino, with [25][68] Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and increase arousal (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. [134] Mild withdrawal symptoms from the discontinuation of amphetamine treatment at therapeutic doses can be avoided by tapering the dose. The Meme Book. loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss, increased likelihood of seizures for susceptible individuals, faster, deeper breaths, especially in those with other lung conditions, grandiosity, or an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance, psychoanaleptic, or having an arousing effect, hallucinogenic, causing visual, auditory, or other types of hallucination and perceptual anomalies, empathogen, increasing feelings of “oneness,” empathy, and emotional openness, sensitivity to amphetamines or their derivatives, cardiovascular disease or arteriosclerosis, a thickening or hardening of artery walls, use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the past 2 weeks, including moclobemide and toloxatone. In this occasional feature, members of the Psych Congress Steering Committee and faculty answer questions asked by attendees at Psych Congress meetings.. According to a National Geographic TV documentary on methamphetamine, an entire subculture known as party and play is based around sexual activity and methamphetamine use. [2][35][46] However, oral suspension and orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) dosage forms composed of the free base were introduced in 2015 and 2016, respectively. We post daily cartoons from every network. In a study that followed 65 patients taking amphetamines alongside normal medication, 38 “showed significant improvement, in particular with respect to energy, mood, and psychomotor activity.”. The Evekeo brand … Recent Post by Page. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulators, specifically phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. [1][83][135] The severity of overdose symptoms increases with dosage and decreases with drug tolerance to amphetamine. [4] Following absorption, amphetamine readily distributes into most tissues in the body, with high concentrations occurring in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue. [11], The half-lives of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH. As it is a prodrug, lisdexamfetamine is structurally different from dextroamphetamine, and is inactive until it metabolizes into dextroamphetamine. It’s usually an off-white or pinkish powder and can sometimes look like crystals. They found that the brain structures of people who took stimulants for ADHD were more likely to resemble the brain structures of people without the condition than to resemble those with ADHD who did not use the drugs. [28] Benzedrine sulfate was introduced 3 years later and was used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, obesity, low blood pressure, low libido, and chronic pain, among others. Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that speed up the central nervous system. [78][80][81] At therapeutic doses, the adverse effects of amphetamine do not impede athletic performance;[26][77] however, at much higher doses, amphetamine can induce effects that severely impair performance, such as rapid muscle breakdown and elevated body temperature. 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