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In this feature, The Water Page highlights a problem which faces many countries - that of invasive alien plant species. Most species are still of limited distribution, or absent from the EPPO region. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. All Rights Reserved | EPPO Cloud [wwwzend912test]. Invasive plants have an impact on native species and unless these factors are properly understood, it is difficult to predict what sort of impact invasive plants will have. INTRODUCTION. The cost and effort required to make a significant impact on invasive alien plants is not seen as a politically attractive allocation of resources - it is remedial effort, the results of which are generally not obvious to the public eye. For example, the invasive alien plants Lantana camara and Urena lobata are reported both from forest, and waste and fallow lands, whereas species like Acanthospermum hispidum, Cestrum diurnum, and Evolvulus nummularius can be found both in agricultural land and waste and fallow lands mainly as noxious weeds (Hossain and Pasha 200). Most were introduced intentionally, and many provide great benefits to society as agricultural crops and landscape ornamentals. 46 Xhosa names for invasive plants have been identified by the Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University Botany Department, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. Invasive plant data such as surveys and mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments can be viewed on the invasive plant map. In poor countries resources used for such programs may be regarded as diverting resources from other more pressing issues, however not attending to such problems often leads to larger costs in the long run. Invasive alien plants are intense bullies, rapidly establishing and outcompeting indigenous species. As an example, there are 161 introduced tree and other plant species that have become invasive in a single country - South Africa. This is a list of invasive species in South Africa, including invasive species of plants, animals, and other organisms in South Africa. Such species can escape into other unintended areas and become pests themselves. In catchment areas which are infested with such plants, the eradication of invasive alien plants can often lead to significant increases in water available for other uses and may offer an alternative to traditional engineering solutions such as the construction of reservoirs and dams. However it is not possible to establish a sustainable eradication program without political will. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Invasive plant fuel loads increase fire intensity and severely compromise the recovery of natural vegetation. Apply only to the cambium or outer layer of large stumps and the entire cut surface of small stumps. Because of the implications of extensive invasions, politicians and officials are often apt to hope that the problem will somehow solve itself until a point is reached where action has to be taken. The plants listed below have been identified by the Panel as being absent or present in the EPPO region; as having a high potential for spread; as posing an important threat to plant health and/or the environment and biodiversity; and eventually as having other detrimental social impacts in the EPPO region. Because a large number of invasive alien plants are already present in the EPPO region, priorities were set in order to select those species considered to pose the greatest threat to species and ecosystems in the EPPO region. Apply herbicide mix with paintbrushes of knapsack sprayers at low pressure. In South Africa, alien plant invasions reduce mean annual runoff by 1,4 billion cubic metres, which is the equivalent of 577 600 Olympic swimming pools. For example, invasive plants can alter the fire regimen (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum), nutrient cycling (smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora), and hydrology (Tamrix) in native ecosystems.2. Macdonald Pretoria 2007. Many IAPs are products of unwise and unintentional plant introductions, but if new invasions are discovered before they are well established, eradication is possible and management co… All Acacia’s listed on the Alien Invasive Plant List are all Australian species of Wattle. As a result of these studies, the following lists of invasive alien plants have been established. By simple definition, invasive plants are alien species that show a tendency to spread out of control. - interaction and co-operation between these departments is important for eradication programs to be effective. Xhosa names for invasive plants. The information provided below provides a basic indication of the methods which need to be employed to address the growing problem of alien vegetation. Alien invasive plants are a problem because they: can waste a large proportion of national water resources (7% estimated in South Africa); lead to the loss of potentially productive land, and the loss of grazing potential and livestock production; reduce the ability to harvest indigenous natural resources; increase the problems associated with flooding and fires; cause erosion, destruction of rivers, siltation of dams and estuaries, and poor water quality; can cause a mass extinction of indigenous plants and animals. Most of these weeds are annuals colonising waste sites and cultivated fields. Pine trees, for example, burn up to ten times hotter than fynbos, and fires in pine-invaded areas are difficult to bring under control. Only with their participation and in cooperation with the local communities can the project’s goals be achieved. Do not cut the bark. In order to be effective in both eradicating and preventing the spread of alien plants, it is necessary to establish an adequate legal framework in order to be able to address the problem where ever it may arise. Ring barking: Strip all bark and cambium from a height of 400-500mm down to just below soil level. Invasive Alien Plants are plants which are imported into an eco-system which is not their natural habitat. Invasive Alien Plants (IAPs) are widely considered as a major threat to biodiversity, human livehoods and economic development. While an approach of adaptive management, based on trial, error and continual improvement is a logical way in which to progress, the advent of powerful computer simulation modelling technologies will allow managers to do hundreds of "trial and error" runs in order to explore the consequences of certain courses of action. Scientists have previously estimated that all invasive species - including microbes, animals and plants - cause damage of more than $1.4 trillion a year to the world economy. Acacia) are invasive in any way. Of these introduced species, fewer than 3,000 have natural… Hand pull: Grip the young plant low down and pull out by hand (using gloves). Invasive alien plants included in the EPPO Alert List – for pests other than invasive alien plants view the full Alert List, Copyright ©2020 EPPO. Economica) Benefits 15. In order to be able to implement effective eradication programs with the correct mixture of mechanical, chemical and biological control, expert input is required, often including detailed research. IAPs cost South Africans tens of billions of rand annually in lost agricultural productivity and resources spent on management. Invasive alien plant species (IAP) are species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural distribution threaten biological diversity. Adequate Legal and Institutional Framework. Species recorded in the Alert List are assessed through the EPPO Prioritization process to determine whether they should fall into the List of Invasive Alien Plants, the Observation List, or a PRA should be conducted. They proceed to grow prolifically, threatening the indigenous plant and animal secrecies. Read more. Title: Alien and Invasive Species Lists, 2016 Government Gazette Notice: GN 864 in GG 40166 of 29 July 2016 Commencing date: 60 days from date of publication. The EPPO Observation List was created by the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants in 2012. No herbicide used. EPPO protects plants in agriculture, forestry and the uncultivated environment. All African Acacia’s were renamed from Acacia to either Vachellia or Senegalia. One of the leading examples of the problem being taken seriously is in South Africa where, through the establishment of a "Working for Water" Programme, alien plants are being eradicated on a large scale whilst at the same time providing employment to a large number of people. The purpose of the EPPO A1/A2 Lists is to recommend that organisms of serious phytosanitary concern should be regulated as quarantine pests by EPPO member countries (A1 pests are absent from the EPPO region and A2 pests are locally present in the EPPO region). This has particularly devastating impacts in developing countries which lack the resources to tackle the problem. The first section provides a summary of the Acts Any control programme for alien vegetation must include the following 3 phases: Initial control: drastic reduction of existing population, Follow-up control: control of seedlings, root suckers and coppice growth, Maintenance control: sustain low alien plant numbers with annual control. The impact of invasive plants. The list is not meant to be exhaustive but to focus on the main risks. Make angled cuts downward into the cambium layer through the bark in a ring. Invasive plants are introduced species that cause health, economic or ecological damage in their new range. They proceed to grow prolifically, threatening the indigenous plant and animal secrecies. Follow label recommendations. Programs to eradicate invasive alien plant species can have a number of benefits: Increased water security with enhanced streamflow and improved water quality. Considering the water prospects we are faced with, it is not a situation that we can afford. They impact negatively on biodiversity, including decline or elimination of indigenous species – through competition for water and the disruption of local ecosystems and … EPPO therefore strongly recommends countries endangered by these species to take measures to prevent their introduction and spread, or to manage unwanted populations (for example with publicity, restrictions on sale and planting, and control measures). More than 30,000 species of plants have been introduced to the United States since the time of Columbus. What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. During this process the Panel is documenting invasive alien plant species on data sheets and when necessary, conducting Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs) following the EPPO Decision-support scheme, 'Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests'. If uncontrolled, the problem are likely to double within 15 years. Basal bark: apply recommended herbicide mixed in diesel carrier to the base of the stem of trees and saplings. The various methods that are available are usually classified as follows: Mechanical methods (felling, removal of invading alien plants, often in conjunction with burning); Chemical methods (using environmentally safe herbicides and pesticides); Biological control (using species-specific insects and diseases from the alien plant, insect of animal's country of origin). Invasive Alien Plants are plants which are imported into an eco-system which is not their natural habitat. In some instances it is possible to derive benefit from eradication programs such as the "Working for Water" program in South Africa which provides employment to a large number of workers clearing invasive plants. Weeds that invade severely disturbed areas are known as ruderal and agrestal weeds. This list contains plant species (absent or present in the EPPO region) which present a medium risk or for which information currently available is not sufficient to make an accurate assessment. A list of invasive species has been published under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act of 2004. Login to the Invasive Alien Plant Program (IAPP) Database . Plant species, before being submitted to a PRA, have been identified as posing a risk by the EPPO prioritization process. Species included in the Alert List have been selected by the EPPO Secretariat or proposed by EPPO member countries, because they may present a risk to the EPPO region. This can seriously deplete soil moisture and reduce groundwater recharge, the base-flow of springs and ultimately the flow in rivers and streams. Cut a ring at the top and pull strips. The number of plants that can be considered as potential pest species is very large and the Panel has elaborated a prioritization process for all known, or potential invasive alien plants in the EPPO region. With invasive plants having high evaporation rates, they often use more water than surrounding indigenous … For over 60 years, EPPO has sought to prevent the introduction and spread of organisms which are harmful to plants in the European and Mediterranean region. Alien Invasive Plant Management Plan 1 22 April 2014 Executive Summary This document provides a management plan for invasive alien plants for the Longyuan Mulilo Maanhaarberg Wind Energy Facility, De Aar, Northern Cape. The map display is updated every 24 hours to give users access to the most current data available. An invasive alien plant is a plant that is not indigenous to South Africa or the ecosystem in which it is found growing within the country. For instance our common Acacia karoo is is now called Vachellia karoo. Here, we tested the hypothesis … Impacts of Invasive alien plants: Invasive alien plants are a significant problem in South Africa as they have negative impacts on the environment by decreasing both surface water runoff and groundwater recharge, causing direct habitat destruction, intensify flooding, and increasing the risk and intensity of wildfires (Görgens and Van Wilgen, 2004). Invasive alien flora and fauna in South Africa: expertise and bibliography by Charles F. Musil & Ian A.W. Regulations should provide for the classification of plants into suitable categories, whereby landowners are required to ensure that plants belonging to certain species are removed from their property. About the Foundation. The label \"invasive\" is generally reserved for plants that have been introduced from other regions and spread like wildfire in their new habitats. PRAs) and follows a meticulous approval procedure. Where trees can be felled and removed use chainsaws, bowsaws, brushcutters or machetes. NEW ALIEN AND INVASIVE SPECIES LISTS. They tend to utilise more resources to grow, in particular water. Effective management of invading alien plants in natural and semi-natural systems is imperative if we are to prevent enormous impacts. Some were introduced accidentally, for example, in ship ballast, in packing material and as seed contaminants. EPPO, in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), is developing a cooperative Europe-wide strategy to protect the EPPO region against invasive alien plants. They tend to utilise more resources to grow, in particular water. Strip bark: Using a bush knife, strip bark away from tree from waist height down to soil. Invasive species can change the functions of ecosystems. The mink is one of the most widely spread alien mammal species worldwide and is considered a carrier of a variety of zoonoses such as leptospirosis, trichinosis and toxoplasmosis. They are non-native to an ecosystem, and may cause economic or environmental harm. In 2002 the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants was created and was given the task to identify invasive alien plant species which may present a risk to the EPPO region, and to … Invasive alien plants which have been added to the EPPO A1/A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests are listed in the table below. Each addition to the EPPO Alert List is also marked by a short article in the EPPO Reporting Service. Invasive alien plants are invading approximately 700,000 ha year −1 of natural communities in the United States (Pimentel et al., 2002).Invasive alien plants are defined as alien plants that reproduce offspring in very large numbers and at large distances from parent plants and thus have the potential to spread over a considerable area (Richardson et al., 2000). This definition distinguishes invasive plants from other plants that more accurately are called \"aggressive.\" Where trees cannot be utilised (for example on steep slopes), do not fell trees, control them in situ. SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 September 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. Approaches available for integrated control depend on the species under consideration (features of individual species and the number and identity of species that occur together), features of the invaded systems, the availability of resources and other factors. In 2002 the EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Plants was created and was given the task to identify invasive alien plant species which may present a risk to the EPPO region, and to propose management options. Traditionally, EPPO has given priority to pests of cultivated plants (e.g. When an invasive alien plant species takes hold within the ecosystem and starts to spread, they can displace indigenous plant species through competition, as well as bringing about changes in ecosystem structure and function. This List is constantly being reviewed by the Panel (new species can be added and others removed). contains some of the most widespread and damaging invasive alien plant species in the world, with Australia (39 species), South Africa (35) and Spain (24) being the main hotspots of invasion. [Picture - Going nowhere - Water Hyacinth gets out of control on Lake Victoria.]. Mechanical and chemical control are short-term activities, whereas rigorous and disciplined follow-up and rehabilitation are necessary in the medium term. Stem injection: Punch downward slanting holes into the main stem using a sharpened metal spike. Billions of Dollars are lost every year in many countries due to damage done by invading alien plants. An integrated approach involving the combined use of range of methods is usually necessary to control invasive alien plants effectively. NB: it is important to rehabilitate land that has been infested with alien plants. The family Cactaceae Juss. Species such as Ageratum conyzoides, … Cambium is stripped with the bark. Such plants in their own native eco-systems are constrained and of no harm but, when introduced into foreign habitats can cause enormous damage. Invasive alien species are plants, animals, pathogens and other organisms that are non-native to an ecosystem, and which may cause economic or environmental harm or adversely affect human health. It is stressed that inclusion in the Observation List is not definitive, and changes can be made when additional information is recorded, particularly when information on invasiveness becomes available, or when a significant change in the invasive behaviour is observed. They are the single biggest threat to plant and animal biodiversity. Space holes around entire circumference of lower stems. Ensure the stumps are cut as low to the ground as possible about 100 â 150 mm. more productive wetlands, estuaries and water tables; Rehabilitation of degraded land with a strong emphasis on Land Care to secure the sustainable productivity of land; Conservation of biodiversity and catchment integrity and the reduction in the frequency and intensity of fires and floods; Development of secondary industries based on the cleared wood, and, Empowerment of people through the labour-intensive approach to the work, (The Working For Water programme in South Africa has employed over 42 000 people in a five year period. There are 36 species of invasive alien plants that are listed as of concern to the EU because of their: invasiveness; ability to establish in several nations across Europe Government efforts to address the problem often involve several departments including water, forestry, agriculture, environment etc. Another source of alien invasive species is the intentional importation and release of insects, snails, plant pathogens and nematodes for biological control of pests. The biological attributes of plants represent a stable set of attributes, which enable managers to devise control approaches, but such approaches are likely to be upset by stochastic events such as fires, floods or budget cuts. Invasive alien plants were first noted as a problem in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in 1937. Alien or naturalized species are those species which are not native to an area but established, and those that are a threat to native species and biodiversity are often called invasive species. Frill: Using an axe or bush knife. ), Pre-Requisites for Effective National Programs to Eradicate Invasive Vegetation. Biological control can provide effective control in the short and medium term in some cases, and it is often the only really sustainable solution in the longer term. Ensure to effect the cuts around the entire stem and apply herbicide into the cuts. In order to get any effective national scale program under way there are a number of pre-requisites: The first and most important requirement is recognition that there is a problem. Pests recently added to the EPPO A1/A2 Lists, EPPO A1/A2 Lists of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests, EPPO Observation List of invasive alien plants. EPPO, in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), is developing a cooperative Europe-wide strategy to protect the EPPO region against invasive alien plants. Cut stump treatment: Apply recommended herbicide mixture to the cut surface with hand sprayers, paintbrush or knapsack sprayer at low pressure. IAPP Map display. Alien plants have several negative impacts on landscapes. The conservation of valuable, natural territories and maintaining them free of invasive alien plants depends on the support of all interested parties, responsible for the protection and management of habitats 6510, 6210, 9180* and 9560*. No indigenous Vachellia / Senegalia tree (prev. EPPO activities on Invasive Alien Plants . For example, the native water plant hippo grass (Vossia cuspidate) and the bulrush (Typhasp) have become invasive in many African water bodies following an invasion of alien species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and salvina (Salvinia molesta). Map tools highlight specific species and treatment locations. This should represent an improvement on the current state of affairs, and should allow for better decision-making. 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Mechanical, chemical, and many provide great benefits to society as agricultural and. Wwwzend912Test ] great benefits to society as agricultural crops and landscape ornamentals the methods which to! Common Acacia karoo is is now called Vachellia karoo are intense bullies, rapidly establishing and outcompeting species... Are species whose introduction and/or spread outside their natural habitat not their natural distribution threaten diversity. Strip all bark and cambium from a height of 400-500mm down to just below soil level as Ageratum,... Trees such as Ageratum conyzoides, … the impact of invasive species LISTS to... Identified by the EPPO prioritization process new species can have a number of benefits: Increased security! Kruger National Park ( KNP ) in 1937 if we are faced with, it is possible... This can seriously deplete soil moisture and reduce groundwater recharge, the problem eco-system which is not natural! Project ’ s goals be achieved a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate entire cut surface small. Can be felled and removed use chainsaws, bowsaws, brushcutters or.. Biological diversity eco-system which is not meant to be employed to address the growing problem of vegetation. The cuts around the entire stem and apply herbicide mix with paintbrushes of knapsack sprayers at low pressure,... Called Vachellia karoo countries due to damage done by invading alien plants rapidly establishing and indigenous. Areas are known as ruderal and agrestal weeds Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University Botany Department Grahamstown... Compromise the recovery of natural vegetation subjected to a PRA, have been established in carrier... Cut surface with hand sprayers, paintbrush or knapsack sprayer at low pressure likely to double within 15.!
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