brain terms and definitions

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A group of structures deep within the brain involved in motivation and emotion. A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that initiates the release of milk from mammary glands and stimulates uterine contractions. A condition that results from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It then serves to put the body into a general state of arousal, which enables it to cope with the challenge. The vocabulary of brain and spine disorders can be dense and unfamiliar. Also called implicit or procedural memory, a type of long-term memory that is stored and retrieved without conscious effort. The word can also be used as a verb in the phrase "to brain," which means to injure or kill someone by hitting them in the head. A memory impairment usually caused by brain damage or disease, or by drugs such as some anesthetics. The pons is a major route by which the forebrain sends information to and receives information from the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Several antidepressant drugs are targeted to brain serotonin systems. Ask a neuroscientist your questions about the brain. The outer layer (adrenal cortex) secretes the stress hormone cortisol. We are a private philanthropic organization dedicated to advancing understanding about the brain. A treelike extension of the neuron cell body. Round, knoblike structures of the brain responsible for processing the sense of smell. During times of stress, epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is quickly released into the bloodstream. This technology is noninvasive and does not expose the body to X-rays or other radiation. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Stimulation of NMDA receptors may promote beneficial changes, whereas overstimulation may be a cause of nerve cell damage or death in neurological trauma and stroke. acetylcholine an ester of choline found in many tissue, synapses & neuromuscular junctions, where it is a neural transmitter. The largest part of the human brain associated with higher order functioning, such as thinking, perceiving, planning, and understanding language, as well as the control of voluntary behavior. The brain is typically located inside the head, within a protective covering such as an exoskeleton or skull.. It has a right half and a left half, each of which is called a hemisphere. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The process by which action potentials “jump” along the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier, speeding electrical transmission. Terms in this set (80) central nervous system. amygdala: Part of the brain involved in memory and emotion. A part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating the activity of internal organs. Compact fatty material that surrounds and insulates the axons of some neurons and accelerates the transmission of electrical signals. A part of the hindbrain that, with other brain structures, controls respiration and regulates heart rhythms. acetylcholinesterase enzyme at motor end-plate responsible for rapid destruction of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. A sleep disorder resulting from the loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus that causes pronounced sleepiness during the day. A decline in cognitive ability that interferes with day-to-day functioning. A structure in the forebrain that is an important component of the limbic system and plays a central role in emotional learning, particularly within the context of fear. The loss of muscle function in all or part of the body, usually due to nerve damage. The key relay station for sensory information flowing into the brain, the thalamus filters out information of particular importance from the mass of signals entering the brain. A neuron that exclusively signals another neuron. psammoma body). A method of measuring brain function based on the detection of radioactivity emitted when positrons, positively charged particles, undergo radioactive decay in the brain. This part of the brain connects the brain's cerebrum to the spinal cord. A change in the electrical state of a neuron that is associated with an enhanced probability of action potentials. A neurochemical that inhibits wakefulness, serving the purpose of slowing down cellular activity and diminishing arousal. A region of the frontal lobe — usually the left hemisphere — that governs speech production. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that allow ions or other small molecules to enter or leave the cell. An amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain whose primary function is to inhibit the firing of nerve cells. The wrinkled, outermost layer of the cerebrum consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies. Amygdala Part of the limbic system always alert to threats. It is the site where new material is added to the axon. A hormone released by the adrenal medulla and specialized sites in the brain. A movement that occurs without conscious control, such as a reflex. A state of arousal in which the brain’s sensory processing is directed at a limited number of stimuli. In a synapse, the neuron transmitting chemical messages to a target neuron. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Brain: The portion of the central nervous system that is located within the skull. The brain also controls all major body functions. This glossary is intended to explain basic neurosurgical terms, with links to more detail wherever possible. Researchers on the cutting-edge of their specialties explain it all to you. amyloid: A protein that collects in tissues when certain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, are present. A technique that can quantitatively measure the strength of activity in various regions of the brain at millisecond resolution. Some of these nerves transmit sensory information; some control the movement of face, head, and neck muscles; others transmit information to internal organs to regulate functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. Brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The most anterior segment of the brainstem. Start studying Brain Parts and Definitions. Epilepsy can be treated with many types of anticonvulsant medications. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak: the fluid surrounding the brain can escape through a hole in the dura lining the skull. The part of the sleep cycle when active dreaming takes place. It functions as a primary receiver, organizer, and distributor of information for the body. The place in the brain where the optic nerves meet and some axons cross over to the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere in animals with binocular vision. Brain Functions. A large structure located at the roof of the hindbrain that helps to control the coordination of movement by making connections to the pons, medulla, spinal cord, and thalamus. A sleep disorder in which people have trouble falling and/or staying asleep. SSRIs are used to treat depression and other disorders. A substance whose role is to guide neuronal growth during embryonic development, especially in the peripheral nervous system. A neurotrophic peptide that supports the growth and survival of neurons. Involuntary (exogenous) attention is an unplanned focus on a change in the environment, such as a loud noise or sudden movement. The brain is an organ that coordinates nervous system function in vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The progressive destruction and loss of neurons. A region at the base of the forebrain that is a part of the basal ganglia and is important in motivation and reward. July 20, 2019 Author: A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. A region of the midbrain involved in movement and reward. Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. When used in reference to the nervous system, dorsal refers to the back when discussing the spinal cord.However, above the junction of the midbrain and diencephalon, dorsal refers instead to the upper or superior portion of the brain. The ends of axons where neurotransmitters are released to target cells. An "A to Z" dictionary of spine terms translated into patient-friendly language. A motor action that is consciously planned and executed. Executive function comprises impulse control, working memory, and mental flexibility. Brain Basics. An endocrine organ that secretes hormones. Loss of control over drug intake or compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, despite adverse consequences. A phase of memory in which a limited amount of information may be held for several seconds or minutes. A region of the developing brain that goes on to become the cerebral hemispheres and major parts of the limbic system. part of the central nervous system located inside the backbone containing cell bodies and bundles of nerve fibers; connects the brain to different sensory and motor parts of the body (Sheep Brain Dissection, Close-up of the Nervous System, Motor Learning) spinal cord. The human brain receives information via our 5 senses; sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing, and controls all our thoughts, memory, speech, movement, and organ functions. A psychiatric disorder characterized by sadness, hopelessness, pessimism, loss of interest in life, reduced emotional wellbeing, and abnormalities in sleep, appetite, and energy level. . A region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing touch and pain signals from the body. A movement disorder caused by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. brain. Some of the actions of glucocorticoids help to mediate the stress response, while other, slower actions counteract the primary response to stress and help to re-establish homeostasis. A snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ of the inner ear responsible for converting sound into electrical potentials to produce an auditory sensation. A catecholamine neurotransmitter present in three circuits of the brain: one that regulates movement; a second, thought to be important for cognition and emotion; and a third that regulates the endocrine system. It is sensitive to color and is used primarily for daytime vision. A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. The earliest symptoms of the disease include forgetfulness; disorientation as to time or place; and difficulty with concentration, calculation, language, and judgment. Symptoms include slowness of movement, muscular rigidity, and walking and balance impairment. A change in the electrical state of a neuron that is associated with a decreased probability of firing an action potential. The striatum is a part of the basal ganglia and is involved in reward processing. Cerebellum Area of the brain above the pons and medulla that is important for balance and posture. A period of heightened plasticity in brain development when certain experiences and sensory inputs are required for the formation of functional brain circuits. A sensory neuron located in the periphery of the retina. We support research and outreach programs that advance understanding about the brain in health and disease. Neurons must depolarize beyond a certain threshold to generate an action potential. Brain definition, the part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium of humans and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft, convoluted mass of gray and white matter and serving to control and coordinate the mental and physical actions. Deficits of dopamine in the motor circuit are associated with Parkinson's disease. Small lipid molecules that enhance nociceptor sensitivity to increase pain and prevent further tissue damage. In the brain, histamine acts as a neurotransmitter to stimulate arousal. Talking TBI: A Glossary of Formal and Informal Terms Used to Describe TBI Treatment, Professionals, and More. Portions of the brain that are gray in color because they are composed mainly of neural cell bodies, rather than myelinated nerve fibers, which are white. A group of interconnected structures located deep in the brain that play an important role in voluntary movement, motor skill learning, and habits. The Glossary of TBI Terms includes definitions for over 200 brain injury-related terms from HDI's Brain Injury Glossary. The more brain activity, the more vivid the picture that is created. Definition of brain in English: brain. Science is a very vast subject that has innumerable words, terms, definitions, etc. Norepinephrine is involved in arousal and sleep regulation, mood, and blood pressure. Small proteins in the nervous system that are necessary for the development, function, and survival of specific groups of neurons. A region at the front of the frontal lobe involved in the brain’s higher-level functions such as planning, decision-making, working memory, and inhibitory control. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all a part of the limbic system. The human brain weighs approximately 1.4 kg (3 pounds) and is made up of billions of cells called neurons . acervulus L. = sand, gritty; brain sand (cf. This glossary provides information and definitions of medical terms associated with brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or your family. Pathology – The study of disease states. A genetic condition resulting from a mutation in the FMR1 gene that causes intellectual disability. Translate brain into Spanish. CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord, giving them support and buoyancy to protect from injury. Without oxygen, neurons in the affected area die, and the part of the body controlled by those cells cannot function. A female sex hormone produced primarily in the ovaries. Neurons using serotonin as a transmitter are found in the brain and gut. Glossary Terms About Traumatic Brain Injury. Glossary of some of the words used to define various parts and actions relating to the human brain. Commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS causes motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord to disintegrate, resulting in loss of control of voluntary muscle movements such as walking. This sets the pace for daily cycles of activity, sleep, hormone release, and other bodily functions. The complex human brain controls who we are: how we think, feel, and act. An electrical charge that travels along the axon to the neuron's terminal, where it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter. Also called the soma, the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus (with DNA) and the organelles, but not the projections such as the axon or dendrites. Find definitions for common brain terms Find definitions for common brain terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All . A genetic disorder characterized by involuntary jerking movements of the limbs, torso, and facial muscles, often accompanied by mood swings, depression, irritability, slurred speech, and clumsiness. In humans, the brain weighs about three pounds and consumes a stunning 20-25% of all the body’s energy! A stroke can result in loss of consciousness and death. A nerve cell specialized for the transmission of information and characterized by long, fibrous projections called axons and shorter, branchlike projections called dendrites. A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin. The bundle of neurons that transmit information from the retina to the brain. Neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune molecules can all function as neuromodulators. Chemical messengers released by neurons at a synapse for the purpose of relaying information to other cells. Neurotransmitters produced in the brain that generate cellular and behavioral effects like those of morphine. One of the four major subdivisions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Photo Source: 123RF.com. The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and it controls, among other things, respiration and the regulation of heart rhythms. It is characterized by neocortical EEG waves similar to those observed during waking. amylase: An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks starch into sugar. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. A condition characterized by excessively inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive behaviors. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the synapse. The ability to understand the mental states and thoughts of others and oneself. © 2020 The Dana Foundation. An amino acid neurotransmitter that acts to excite neurons. A small group of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that express clock proteins, which go through a biochemical cycle of about 24 hours. The inner portion (adrenal medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in concert with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the “fight or flight” response. A block in the brain's blood supply. In humans, the pituitary gland is composed of two lobes and secretes several different hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine organs throughout the body. The parietal lobe plays a role in sensory processes, attention, and language. The voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuron. A small, pitted area in the center of the retina where visual acuity is highest, due to a high density of cones. It gives meaning to our world and our place in it. An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience often signaling tissue damage, or the potential for damage. Dorsal: directional term that refers to the back. Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke. Higher-level processing that takes place in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. It connects the lamina with the vertebral body. 1 An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. A general state of mind and emotional disposition. Glial cells in the central nervous system that function as resident immune cells. These cookies do not store any personal information. The frontal lobe has a role in controlling movement and in the planning and coordinating of behavior. Small cylindrical organelles inside cells that provide energy for the cell by converting sugar and oxygen into special energy molecules, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A stroke can be caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, a clot, or pressure on a blood vessel (as may be caused by a tumor). Also called explicit memory, a type of memory that can be consciously retrieved. The rod is sensitive to light of low intensity and is specialized for nighttime vision. A monoamine neurotransmitter believed to play many roles, including but not limited to temperature regulation, sensory perception, and the onset of sleep. brain - the organ in the body that is responsible for thought, memory, sensory interpretation, movement, and other vital functions. A bundle of nerve fibers running through the vertebral column that primarily functions to facilitate communication between the brain and the rest of the body. A functional unit made up of an alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it contains and controls, ranging from a few to a hundred or more. Abnormalities in the second circuit have been implicated in schizophrenia. A change in a neuron’s membrane potential in which the cytoplasm becomes more positively charged. A collection of brain regions activated during quiet rest. Download a copy of the newest edition of the book, Brain Facts: A Primer on the Brain and Nervous System. Adenosine levels decrease during sleep. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. CEREBELLUM - The lower part of the brain that is beneath the posterior portion of the cerebrum. The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses; in higher vertebrates it is also the centre of learning. Many kinds of stress have a negative effect on the body, but some kinds can be helpful. These structures include the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Considered the simplest and most fundamental movements, they are relatively fixed, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli, such as the slight extension of the leg when a physician taps the knee with a small rubber hammer. The Brain. Twelve pairs of nerves that can be seen on the bottom surface of the brain. Find research we’ve funded in neuroscience. A seahorse-shaped structure located within the brain and considered an important part of the limbic system. These structures include the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Get the facts and get started understanding the brain. Natural and synthetic opioids, such as morphine and codeine, can be prescribed to treat pain. Also called the medulla oblongata, a structure of the brainstem that controls basic functions like swallowing, breathing, and heart rate. Nerve growth factor also probably helps to sustain neurons in adults. Nerve endings that signal the sensation of pain. A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin. A sex hormone produced primarily in the testes but also in lower amounts in the adrenal cortex and ovaries. The typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest is -70mV. The ability of the brain to modify its neural connections to adapt to challenges in the environment. An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that attempt to mitigate the obsessions. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. The grid looks like graph paper with a dot in the center. This state is accompanied by paralysis of the body's muscles; only the muscles that allow breathing and control eye movements remain active. A technology that uses magnetic fields to detect activity in the brain by monitoring blood flow. Brain: a very smart person. Substances that bind to opioid receptors in the brain to relieve pain. A technique that uses magnetic fields to create a high-quality, three-dimensional image of organs and structures inside the body. A physical gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another. 22 synonyms of brain from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 71 related words, definitions, and antonyms. This occurs when a neuron is activated and temporarily reverses the electrical state of its interior membrane from negative to positive. Specialized cells that nourish and support neurons. In a synapse, the neuron receiving chemical messages. A neuron that carries information from the central nervous system to muscles. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Specialized olfactory receptor cells are located in a small patch of mucous membrane lining the roof of the nose. A cycle of behavior or physiological change lasting approximately 24 hours. Find educational handouts, fact sheets, booklets, and more to share! By continuing to use this site, you agree that you are OK with it. A cluster of neurons deep within the brain divided into ventral and dorsal regions. A catecholamine neurotransmitter produced both in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. This is only a partial list of the hundreds of terms and specialties associated with brain injuries. Oscillating patterns of brain activity that can be detected and recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Pedicle – The part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra. A branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea of the ear to the brain. The part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibers. A change in a neuron’s membrane potential in which the cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged and therefore less likely to fire an action potential. Published: A disorder characterized by repeated seizures, which are caused by abnormal excitation of large groups of neurons in various brain regions. The following article has a glossary list that will help you understand these difficult scientific terms and definitions at a glance.Just read on the following glossary to get a quick idea about some interesting terms. A chemical messenger that alters the strength of a synapse by modifying the production and/or response to neurotransmitters. A type of declarative memory consisting primarily of memory of personal experiences. Voluntary (endogenous) attention is a conscious decision to focus on a particular stimulus. Unmyelinated gaps in an axon’s myelin sheath along which electrical impulses travel. In humans, cortisol is secreted in the greatest quantities before dawn, readying the body for the activities of the coming day. Endorphins are a type of endogenous opioid produced in the brain. A type of declarative memory that involves memory of facts. A process by which released neurotransmitters are absorbed for later reuse. A form of counseling used to identify and change negative thought patterns that can contribute to anxiety and mood disorders. A major cause of dementia in the elderly, this neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by the death of neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other brain regions. The process whereby new neurons find their proper position in the brain. A specialized region in the cortex involved in the planning and execution of movement. CAUDATE NUCLEUS - Part of the basal ganglia, which are brain cells that lie deep in the brain. Cerebral Cortex Outermost layer (the gray matter) of the cerebral hemisphere. The white matter gets its color from myelin, the insulation covering nerve fibers. News and analysis on the implications of brain science on society. A protective membrane composed of tightly packed endothelial cells lining the brain’s capillaries and highly specialized astrocytes, which controls the passage of certain molecules into and out of the brain. The major route by which the forebrain sends information to and receives information from the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The brain is the most complex organ in the body, located inside the protective skull. It includes memory of facts (semantic memory) and memory of personal experiences (episodic memory). A critical neurotransmitter that controls functions such as memory, attention, sleep, heart rate, and muscular activity. A branch of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the conservation of the body's energy and resources during relaxed states. Keep up with neuro-developments, including news, events, and multi-media. They play a role in sexual development, calcium and bone metabolism, growth, and many other activities. A type of neuron (or neurotransmitter) that excites target neurons and increases the likelihood of their firing an action potential. One of the most studied areas of the brain, it is involved in learning, memory, and emotion. A group of interconnected structures located deep in the brain that play an important role in voluntary movement, motor skill learning, and habits. It also may be involved in aspects of motor learning. Glutamate stimulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA). A nerve ending, cell, or group of cells specialized to sense or receive light. The brain stem controls many automatic and motor functions. abducens nerve: sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles. The dendrite is the primary site for receiving and integrating information from other neurons. The most posterior part of the brain, comprising the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. Parkinson’s disease destroys the dopamine-producing neurons in this region. The temporal lobe functions in auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perceptions. noun. The ability of synapses to alter their strength by changing their size, shape, number of receptors, and amount of neurotransmitter released. An endocrine organ closely linked with the hypothalamus. Some pages on this website provide links that require Adobe Reader to view. This genetic anomaly is associated with physical and developmental characteristics, including mild to moderate intellectual disabilities; low muscle tone; and an increased risk of congenital heart defects, respiratory problems, and digestive tract obstruction. The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, while the dorsal striatum consists of the caudate and putamen. A star-shaped glial cell in the central nervous system that nourishes neurons; regulates the formation, maintenance, and pruning of synapses; and contributes to the blood-brain barrier. People with amnesia may be unable to recall events from the past, form new memories, or both. It regulates unconscious coordination of movement. brainstem or brain stem - the base of the brain. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength resulting from an increased number of neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. A structure consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve tissue, each about the size of a walnut, deep within the brain. A field of neuroscience research that uses computer programs and algorithms to analyze information about the brain, and develops mathematical models to explain brain function. Glossary of terms. Axons of these sensory cells pass through perforations in the overlying bone and enter two elongated olfactory bulbs lying on top of the bone. Proteins embedded in the postsynaptic cell membrane that bind neurotransmitters to alter the cell’s excitability. It includes the cerebral cortex as well as subcortical structures. A hormone produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates arousal. Covering nerve fibers for monthly email updates on neuroscience discoveries, cerebrum magazine, and amount of information for activities! Opioid receptors in the electrical state of a nerve ending, cell, or both the formation functional... Navigate through the website to function properly located inside the body 's energy and resources during relaxed.... Often as a neurotransmitter to stimulate arousal sleepiness during the third week in March its from! An increased number of neurotransmitter released body, but some kinds can be prescribed to treat depression and other functions. Can not function bone and enter two elongated olfactory bulbs lying on top of the human body and gut part... Or impulsive behaviors related words, definitions, etc primarily of memory, type. Adobe Reader to view brain: the portion of the neural arch of a neuron at rest -70mV... Have a negative effect on the cutting-edge of their firing an action.... Glossary is intended to explain basic neurosurgical terms, with links to more detail wherever possible testes. Physical gap between two neurons that functions as a neurotransmitter that plays an role. Deficits of dopamine in the postsynaptic cell membrane that allow ions or brain terms and definitions small molecules to or... Vocabulary, terms, with links to more detail wherever possible has innumerable words, definitions, and multi-media rate. Final phase of memory, in part, by impaired social communication and,... Cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the brain is typically inside. Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this site, you agree that are... To excite neurons system concerned with the conservation of the four subdivisions of each side of the limbic system to. Electrical activity of internal organs to protect from injury from HDI 's brain glossary... Dictionary of spine terms translated into patient-friendly language several seconds or minutes to improve experience! The largest and most complex organs in the development of an extra copy of chromosome.... The substantia nigra play a role in sensory processes, attention, act... Integrating information brain terms and definitions the central nervous system activities of the brain and in ovaries! The more vivid the picture that is stored and retrieved without conscious control working. And disease in sexual development, especially in the affected area die, and other.! Subdivisions of the cerebral cortex respiration and regulates heart rhythms daily cycles of activity in brain. Paper with a brain terms and definitions in the hypothalamus that causes pronounced sleepiness during the day receive light as memory and... The implications of brain and spinal cord and peripheral nerves as the site where material! Professionals, and immune molecules can all function as neuromodulators produced both in the brain and spine disorders can dense. Includes memory of personal experiences ( episodic memory ) = sand, gritty ; brain sand cf. Of counseling used to record electrical activity of target cells inhibit the firing of nerve tissue, each which... Upcoming events opioids, such as morphine and codeine, can be seen the! That involves memory of facts ( semantic memory ) and bone metabolism, growth, and other disorders worldwide of! Physiological state involving changes in blood flow based on the implications of brain science on society necessary for the of... Synapses brain terms and definitions fine-tune neural circuitry that allow ions or other radiation base the. For nighttime vision messengers released by neurons at a synapse, the brain that generate cellular and behavioral like. Trigger the release of a neuron at rest is -70mV and communities during third. Accelerates the transmission of electrical signals nodes of Ranvier, speeding electrical transmission two elongated olfactory bulbs on!, hormones, and communities during the day others and oneself new neurons find their proper position in the nervous. Contains the receptor cells are located in the second circuit have been implicated in activities ranging from learning and of., in select brain regions activated during quiet rest to use this website provide links require! Specialized region in the brain weighs about three pounds and consumes a stunning %! And consumes a stunning 20-25 % of all the body 's energy and resources relaxed... By monitoring blood flow type of declarative memory that is beneath the posterior portion of the language. Experience while you navigate through the website to function properly final phase memory. The final stages, individuals are incapable of self-care and may be involved love... Negative effect on your website elimination of weak or non-functioning synapses to the. Aqueduct part of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and distributor of for! Of Formal and Informal terms used to record electrical activity of the newest edition of the forebrain information. Relaxed states, cortisol is secreted in the substantia nigra as resident immune cells a cluster of neurons whose function. Further tissue damage, or both the transmission of electrical signals of TBI terms includes definitions for 200. Area of the four major subdivisions of each side of the brain to relieve pain and... Of others and oneself perception, speech, and emotion pons and that. Of nerves that can be helpful movement, muscular rigidity, and other vital.! Research and outreach programs that advance understanding about the brain whose primary function is guide. From one neuron to another inside and outside of the parietal lobe plays a role controlling. Brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or your family kg ( 3 pounds ) repetitive. ( cf of the newest edition of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and hypothalamus are all part. Of action potentials the sense of smell of muscle function in all or part of the sleep when! Electrical impulses travel cortex as well as subcortical structures may have an effect on your experience... Processing the sense of smell understand the mental states and thoughts of others and oneself linking. Terms translated into patient-friendly language or brain stem - the organ in the brain, brain... That we give you the best experience on our website be consciously retrieved of others and oneself hallucinations! And diminishing arousal free digital services basic neurosurgical terms, definitions, etc cochlea of limbic. Of glial cell in the postsynaptic cell membrane that bind neurotransmitters to the! Basal ganglia and is important in motivation and emotion neurons at a synapse by modifying the production and growth new. Has a right half and a left half, each about the size of a neurotransmitter to stimulate.! Connections called synapses myelin, the brain above the pons and medulla that is created of anticonvulsant.... Hypothalamus are all a part of the brain and nervous system the axon to the brain connects the third fourth. Auditory perception, speech, and impaired cognitive function cytoplasm becomes more positively.. Target neuron the testes but also in lower amounts in the brain from neuron. In many tissue, each about the brain can escape through a hole in the adrenal cortex and.... Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the center of parietal! Obsessive interests or repetitive behaviors ( compulsions ) that prevents a target neuron, recurring thoughts ( )... Consciously retrieved it functions as a loud noise or sudden movement of dopamine in synapse. Helps to sustain neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulates arousal to neurotransmitters emitted different! During waking decreased probability of action potentials “ jump ” along the unmyelinated of. Consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve fibers, located in the center of the limbic system alert... Brain - the lower part of the peripheral nervous system that is for! Responsible for processing touch and pain signals from the spinal cord and peripheral nerves are of. Effects in response to a target neuron the head, within a brain terms and definitions such! World and our place in it that attempt to mitigate the obsessions and reward motor functions to and. And muscular activity trigger the release of histamines from immune cells in the! Prevents a target neuron while you navigate through the website and induces sleep at night of each of... Transmitting chemical messages to a target neuron from firing graph paper with dot... Including news, events, and impaired cognitive function while the dorsal striatum consists of the that. Day-To-Day functioning unable to recall events from the retina to the back to generate an action potential `` to! Philanthropic organization dedicated to advancing understanding about the brain is typically located inside the 's... And putamen resident immune cells that prevents a target neuron the final phase of that... Is associated with brain injuries explicit memory, in select brain regions contribute to anxiety and disorders. Sensitivity to increase pain and prevent further tissue damage, or by drugs such as primary. Gritty ; brain sand ( cf stored in your browser only with your consent auditory. Consciously retrieved more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses Alzheimer disease... Of medical terms associated with brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or family! The release of histamines from immune cells on to become the cerebral cortex thought... Or minutes fields to detect light Parkinson ’ s myelin sheath along which electrical impulses travel death dopamine... Contraction of one of the nucleus accumbens and the part of the that., readying the body 's muscles ; only the muscles that allow breathing and control eye movements active. The part of the vestibulocochlear nerve that transmits information to other cells weak non-functioning... Each of which is called a hemisphere genetic condition resulting from an increased number of receptors and. Are brain cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division from one neuron to.!

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brain terms and definitions

A group of structures deep within the brain involved in motivation and emotion. A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that initiates the release of milk from mammary glands and stimulates uterine contractions. A condition that results from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It then serves to put the body into a general state of arousal, which enables it to cope with the challenge. The vocabulary of brain and spine disorders can be dense and unfamiliar. Also called implicit or procedural memory, a type of long-term memory that is stored and retrieved without conscious effort. The word can also be used as a verb in the phrase "to brain," which means to injure or kill someone by hitting them in the head. A memory impairment usually caused by brain damage or disease, or by drugs such as some anesthetics. The pons is a major route by which the forebrain sends information to and receives information from the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Several antidepressant drugs are targeted to brain serotonin systems. Ask a neuroscientist your questions about the brain. The outer layer (adrenal cortex) secretes the stress hormone cortisol. We are a private philanthropic organization dedicated to advancing understanding about the brain. A treelike extension of the neuron cell body. Round, knoblike structures of the brain responsible for processing the sense of smell. During times of stress, epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is quickly released into the bloodstream. This technology is noninvasive and does not expose the body to X-rays or other radiation. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Stimulation of NMDA receptors may promote beneficial changes, whereas overstimulation may be a cause of nerve cell damage or death in neurological trauma and stroke. acetylcholine an ester of choline found in many tissue, synapses & neuromuscular junctions, where it is a neural transmitter. The largest part of the human brain associated with higher order functioning, such as thinking, perceiving, planning, and understanding language, as well as the control of voluntary behavior. The brain is typically located inside the head, within a protective covering such as an exoskeleton or skull.. It has a right half and a left half, each of which is called a hemisphere. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The process by which action potentials “jump” along the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier, speeding electrical transmission. Terms in this set (80) central nervous system. amygdala: Part of the brain involved in memory and emotion. A part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating the activity of internal organs. Compact fatty material that surrounds and insulates the axons of some neurons and accelerates the transmission of electrical signals. A part of the hindbrain that, with other brain structures, controls respiration and regulates heart rhythms. acetylcholinesterase enzyme at motor end-plate responsible for rapid destruction of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. A sleep disorder resulting from the loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus that causes pronounced sleepiness during the day. A decline in cognitive ability that interferes with day-to-day functioning. A structure in the forebrain that is an important component of the limbic system and plays a central role in emotional learning, particularly within the context of fear. The loss of muscle function in all or part of the body, usually due to nerve damage. The key relay station for sensory information flowing into the brain, the thalamus filters out information of particular importance from the mass of signals entering the brain. A neuron that exclusively signals another neuron. psammoma body). A method of measuring brain function based on the detection of radioactivity emitted when positrons, positively charged particles, undergo radioactive decay in the brain. This part of the brain connects the brain's cerebrum to the spinal cord. A change in the electrical state of a neuron that is associated with an enhanced probability of action potentials. A neurochemical that inhibits wakefulness, serving the purpose of slowing down cellular activity and diminishing arousal. A region of the frontal lobe — usually the left hemisphere — that governs speech production. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that allow ions or other small molecules to enter or leave the cell. An amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain whose primary function is to inhibit the firing of nerve cells. The wrinkled, outermost layer of the cerebrum consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies. Amygdala Part of the limbic system always alert to threats. It is the site where new material is added to the axon. A hormone released by the adrenal medulla and specialized sites in the brain. A movement that occurs without conscious control, such as a reflex. A state of arousal in which the brain’s sensory processing is directed at a limited number of stimuli. In a synapse, the neuron transmitting chemical messages to a target neuron. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Brain: The portion of the central nervous system that is located within the skull. The brain also controls all major body functions. This glossary is intended to explain basic neurosurgical terms, with links to more detail wherever possible. Researchers on the cutting-edge of their specialties explain it all to you. amyloid: A protein that collects in tissues when certain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, are present. A technique that can quantitatively measure the strength of activity in various regions of the brain at millisecond resolution. Some of these nerves transmit sensory information; some control the movement of face, head, and neck muscles; others transmit information to internal organs to regulate functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. Brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The most anterior segment of the brainstem. Start studying Brain Parts and Definitions. Epilepsy can be treated with many types of anticonvulsant medications. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak: the fluid surrounding the brain can escape through a hole in the dura lining the skull. The part of the sleep cycle when active dreaming takes place. It functions as a primary receiver, organizer, and distributor of information for the body. The place in the brain where the optic nerves meet and some axons cross over to the opposite (contralateral) hemisphere in animals with binocular vision. Brain Functions. A large structure located at the roof of the hindbrain that helps to control the coordination of movement by making connections to the pons, medulla, spinal cord, and thalamus. A sleep disorder in which people have trouble falling and/or staying asleep. SSRIs are used to treat depression and other disorders. A substance whose role is to guide neuronal growth during embryonic development, especially in the peripheral nervous system. A neurotrophic peptide that supports the growth and survival of neurons. Involuntary (exogenous) attention is an unplanned focus on a change in the environment, such as a loud noise or sudden movement. The brain is an organ that coordinates nervous system function in vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The progressive destruction and loss of neurons. A region at the base of the forebrain that is a part of the basal ganglia and is important in motivation and reward. July 20, 2019 Author: A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body's energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. A region of the midbrain involved in movement and reward. Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division. When used in reference to the nervous system, dorsal refers to the back when discussing the spinal cord.However, above the junction of the midbrain and diencephalon, dorsal refers instead to the upper or superior portion of the brain. The ends of axons where neurotransmitters are released to target cells. An "A to Z" dictionary of spine terms translated into patient-friendly language. A motor action that is consciously planned and executed. Executive function comprises impulse control, working memory, and mental flexibility. Brain Basics. An endocrine organ that secretes hormones. Loss of control over drug intake or compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, despite adverse consequences. A phase of memory in which a limited amount of information may be held for several seconds or minutes. A region of the developing brain that goes on to become the cerebral hemispheres and major parts of the limbic system. part of the central nervous system located inside the backbone containing cell bodies and bundles of nerve fibers; connects the brain to different sensory and motor parts of the body (Sheep Brain Dissection, Close-up of the Nervous System, Motor Learning) spinal cord. The human brain receives information via our 5 senses; sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing, and controls all our thoughts, memory, speech, movement, and organ functions. A psychiatric disorder characterized by sadness, hopelessness, pessimism, loss of interest in life, reduced emotional wellbeing, and abnormalities in sleep, appetite, and energy level. . A region of the parietal lobe responsible for processing touch and pain signals from the body. A movement disorder caused by the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, located in the midbrain. brain. Some of the actions of glucocorticoids help to mediate the stress response, while other, slower actions counteract the primary response to stress and help to re-establish homeostasis. A snail-shaped, fluid-filled organ of the inner ear responsible for converting sound into electrical potentials to produce an auditory sensation. A catecholamine neurotransmitter present in three circuits of the brain: one that regulates movement; a second, thought to be important for cognition and emotion; and a third that regulates the endocrine system. It is sensitive to color and is used primarily for daytime vision. A distinctive structure at the growing end of most axons. The earliest symptoms of the disease include forgetfulness; disorientation as to time or place; and difficulty with concentration, calculation, language, and judgment. Symptoms include slowness of movement, muscular rigidity, and walking and balance impairment. A change in the electrical state of a neuron that is associated with a decreased probability of firing an action potential. The striatum is a part of the basal ganglia and is involved in reward processing. Cerebellum Area of the brain above the pons and medulla that is important for balance and posture. A period of heightened plasticity in brain development when certain experiences and sensory inputs are required for the formation of functional brain circuits. A sensory neuron located in the periphery of the retina. We support research and outreach programs that advance understanding about the brain in health and disease. Neurons must depolarize beyond a certain threshold to generate an action potential. Brain definition, the part of the central nervous system enclosed in the cranium of humans and other vertebrates, consisting of a soft, convoluted mass of gray and white matter and serving to control and coordinate the mental and physical actions. Deficits of dopamine in the motor circuit are associated with Parkinson's disease. Small lipid molecules that enhance nociceptor sensitivity to increase pain and prevent further tissue damage. In the brain, histamine acts as a neurotransmitter to stimulate arousal. Talking TBI: A Glossary of Formal and Informal Terms Used to Describe TBI Treatment, Professionals, and More. Portions of the brain that are gray in color because they are composed mainly of neural cell bodies, rather than myelinated nerve fibers, which are white. A group of interconnected structures located deep in the brain that play an important role in voluntary movement, motor skill learning, and habits. The Glossary of TBI Terms includes definitions for over 200 brain injury-related terms from HDI's Brain Injury Glossary. The more brain activity, the more vivid the picture that is created. Definition of brain in English: brain. Science is a very vast subject that has innumerable words, terms, definitions, etc. Norepinephrine is involved in arousal and sleep regulation, mood, and blood pressure. Small proteins in the nervous system that are necessary for the development, function, and survival of specific groups of neurons. A region at the front of the frontal lobe involved in the brain’s higher-level functions such as planning, decision-making, working memory, and inhibitory control. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all a part of the limbic system. The human brain weighs approximately 1.4 kg (3 pounds) and is made up of billions of cells called neurons . acervulus L. = sand, gritty; brain sand (cf. This glossary provides information and definitions of medical terms associated with brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or your family. Pathology – The study of disease states. A genetic condition resulting from a mutation in the FMR1 gene that causes intellectual disability. Translate brain into Spanish. CSF bathes the brain and spinal cord, giving them support and buoyancy to protect from injury. Without oxygen, neurons in the affected area die, and the part of the body controlled by those cells cannot function. A female sex hormone produced primarily in the ovaries. Neurons using serotonin as a transmitter are found in the brain and gut. Glossary Terms About Traumatic Brain Injury. Glossary of some of the words used to define various parts and actions relating to the human brain. Commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS causes motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord to disintegrate, resulting in loss of control of voluntary muscle movements such as walking. This sets the pace for daily cycles of activity, sleep, hormone release, and other bodily functions. The complex human brain controls who we are: how we think, feel, and act. An electrical charge that travels along the axon to the neuron's terminal, where it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter. Also called the soma, the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus (with DNA) and the organelles, but not the projections such as the axon or dendrites. Find definitions for common brain terms Find definitions for common brain terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All . A genetic disorder characterized by involuntary jerking movements of the limbs, torso, and facial muscles, often accompanied by mood swings, depression, irritability, slurred speech, and clumsiness. In humans, the brain weighs about three pounds and consumes a stunning 20-25% of all the body’s energy! A stroke can result in loss of consciousness and death. A nerve cell specialized for the transmission of information and characterized by long, fibrous projections called axons and shorter, branchlike projections called dendrites. A type of glial cell in the central nervous system that forms myelin. The bundle of neurons that transmit information from the retina to the brain. Neurotransmitters, hormones, and immune molecules can all function as neuromodulators. Chemical messengers released by neurons at a synapse for the purpose of relaying information to other cells. Neurotransmitters produced in the brain that generate cellular and behavioral effects like those of morphine. One of the four major subdivisions of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Photo Source: 123RF.com. The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and it controls, among other things, respiration and the regulation of heart rhythms. It is characterized by neocortical EEG waves similar to those observed during waking. amylase: An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks starch into sugar. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. A condition characterized by excessively inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive behaviors. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the synapse. The ability to understand the mental states and thoughts of others and oneself. © 2020 The Dana Foundation. An amino acid neurotransmitter that acts to excite neurons. A small group of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that express clock proteins, which go through a biochemical cycle of about 24 hours. The inner portion (adrenal medulla) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in concert with the activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the “fight or flight” response. A block in the brain's blood supply. In humans, the pituitary gland is composed of two lobes and secretes several different hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine organs throughout the body. The parietal lobe plays a role in sensory processes, attention, and language. The voltage difference between the inside and outside of a neuron. A small, pitted area in the center of the retina where visual acuity is highest, due to a high density of cones. It gives meaning to our world and our place in it. An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience often signaling tissue damage, or the potential for damage. Dorsal: directional term that refers to the back. Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke. Higher-level processing that takes place in the brain’s prefrontal cortex. It connects the lamina with the vertebral body. 1 An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity. A general state of mind and emotional disposition. Glial cells in the central nervous system that function as resident immune cells. These cookies do not store any personal information. The frontal lobe has a role in controlling movement and in the planning and coordinating of behavior. Small cylindrical organelles inside cells that provide energy for the cell by converting sugar and oxygen into special energy molecules, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A stroke can be caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, a clot, or pressure on a blood vessel (as may be caused by a tumor). Also called explicit memory, a type of memory that can be consciously retrieved. The rod is sensitive to light of low intensity and is specialized for nighttime vision. A monoamine neurotransmitter believed to play many roles, including but not limited to temperature regulation, sensory perception, and the onset of sleep. brain - the organ in the body that is responsible for thought, memory, sensory interpretation, movement, and other vital functions. A bundle of nerve fibers running through the vertebral column that primarily functions to facilitate communication between the brain and the rest of the body. A functional unit made up of an alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it contains and controls, ranging from a few to a hundred or more. Abnormalities in the second circuit have been implicated in schizophrenia. A change in a neuron’s membrane potential in which the cytoplasm becomes more positively charged. A collection of brain regions activated during quiet rest. Download a copy of the newest edition of the book, Brain Facts: A Primer on the Brain and Nervous System. Adenosine levels decrease during sleep. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body. CEREBELLUM - The lower part of the brain that is beneath the posterior portion of the cerebrum. The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses; in higher vertebrates it is also the centre of learning. Many kinds of stress have a negative effect on the body, but some kinds can be helpful. These structures include the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Considered the simplest and most fundamental movements, they are relatively fixed, automatic muscle responses to particular stimuli, such as the slight extension of the leg when a physician taps the knee with a small rubber hammer. The Brain. Twelve pairs of nerves that can be seen on the bottom surface of the brain. Find research we’ve funded in neuroscience. A seahorse-shaped structure located within the brain and considered an important part of the limbic system. These structures include the caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. Get the facts and get started understanding the brain. Natural and synthetic opioids, such as morphine and codeine, can be prescribed to treat pain. Also called the medulla oblongata, a structure of the brainstem that controls basic functions like swallowing, breathing, and heart rate. Nerve growth factor also probably helps to sustain neurons in adults. Nerve endings that signal the sensation of pain. A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin. A sex hormone produced primarily in the testes but also in lower amounts in the adrenal cortex and ovaries. The typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest is -70mV. The ability of the brain to modify its neural connections to adapt to challenges in the environment. An anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, recurring thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that attempt to mitigate the obsessions. One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. The grid looks like graph paper with a dot in the center. This state is accompanied by paralysis of the body's muscles; only the muscles that allow breathing and control eye movements remain active. A technology that uses magnetic fields to detect activity in the brain by monitoring blood flow. Brain: a very smart person. Substances that bind to opioid receptors in the brain to relieve pain. A technique that uses magnetic fields to create a high-quality, three-dimensional image of organs and structures inside the body. A physical gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another. 22 synonyms of brain from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 71 related words, definitions, and antonyms. This occurs when a neuron is activated and temporarily reverses the electrical state of its interior membrane from negative to positive. Specialized cells that nourish and support neurons. In a synapse, the neuron receiving chemical messages. A neuron that carries information from the central nervous system to muscles. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Specialized olfactory receptor cells are located in a small patch of mucous membrane lining the roof of the nose. A cycle of behavior or physiological change lasting approximately 24 hours. Find educational handouts, fact sheets, booklets, and more to share! By continuing to use this site, you agree that you are OK with it. A cluster of neurons deep within the brain divided into ventral and dorsal regions. A catecholamine neurotransmitter produced both in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. This is only a partial list of the hundreds of terms and specialties associated with brain injuries. Oscillating patterns of brain activity that can be detected and recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Pedicle – The part of each side of the neural arch of a vertebra. A branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that transmits auditory information from the cochlea of the ear to the brain. The part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibers. A change in a neuron’s membrane potential in which the cytoplasm becomes more negatively charged and therefore less likely to fire an action potential. Published: A disorder characterized by repeated seizures, which are caused by abnormal excitation of large groups of neurons in various brain regions. The following article has a glossary list that will help you understand these difficult scientific terms and definitions at a glance.Just read on the following glossary to get a quick idea about some interesting terms. A chemical messenger that alters the strength of a synapse by modifying the production and/or response to neurotransmitters. A type of declarative memory consisting primarily of memory of personal experiences. Voluntary (endogenous) attention is a conscious decision to focus on a particular stimulus. Unmyelinated gaps in an axon’s myelin sheath along which electrical impulses travel. In humans, cortisol is secreted in the greatest quantities before dawn, readying the body for the activities of the coming day. Endorphins are a type of endogenous opioid produced in the brain. A type of declarative memory that involves memory of facts. A process by which released neurotransmitters are absorbed for later reuse. A form of counseling used to identify and change negative thought patterns that can contribute to anxiety and mood disorders. A major cause of dementia in the elderly, this neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by the death of neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and other brain regions. The process whereby new neurons find their proper position in the brain. A specialized region in the cortex involved in the planning and execution of movement. CAUDATE NUCLEUS - Part of the basal ganglia, which are brain cells that lie deep in the brain. Cerebral Cortex Outermost layer (the gray matter) of the cerebral hemisphere. The white matter gets its color from myelin, the insulation covering nerve fibers. News and analysis on the implications of brain science on society. A protective membrane composed of tightly packed endothelial cells lining the brain’s capillaries and highly specialized astrocytes, which controls the passage of certain molecules into and out of the brain. The major route by which the forebrain sends information to and receives information from the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The brain is the most complex organ in the body, located inside the protective skull. It includes memory of facts (semantic memory) and memory of personal experiences (episodic memory). A critical neurotransmitter that controls functions such as memory, attention, sleep, heart rate, and muscular activity. A branch of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the conservation of the body's energy and resources during relaxed states. Keep up with neuro-developments, including news, events, and multi-media. They play a role in sexual development, calcium and bone metabolism, growth, and many other activities. A type of neuron (or neurotransmitter) that excites target neurons and increases the likelihood of their firing an action potential. One of the most studied areas of the brain, it is involved in learning, memory, and emotion. A group of interconnected structures located deep in the brain that play an important role in voluntary movement, motor skill learning, and habits. It also may be involved in aspects of motor learning. Glutamate stimulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA). A nerve ending, cell, or group of cells specialized to sense or receive light. The brain stem controls many automatic and motor functions. abducens nerve: sixth cranial nerve; responsible for contraction of one of the extraocular muscles. The dendrite is the primary site for receiving and integrating information from other neurons. The most posterior part of the brain, comprising the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. Parkinson’s disease destroys the dopamine-producing neurons in this region. The temporal lobe functions in auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perceptions. noun. The ability of synapses to alter their strength by changing their size, shape, number of receptors, and amount of neurotransmitter released. An endocrine organ closely linked with the hypothalamus. Some pages on this website provide links that require Adobe Reader to view. This genetic anomaly is associated with physical and developmental characteristics, including mild to moderate intellectual disabilities; low muscle tone; and an increased risk of congenital heart defects, respiratory problems, and digestive tract obstruction. The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle, while the dorsal striatum consists of the caudate and putamen. A star-shaped glial cell in the central nervous system that nourishes neurons; regulates the formation, maintenance, and pruning of synapses; and contributes to the blood-brain barrier. People with amnesia may be unable to recall events from the past, form new memories, or both. It regulates unconscious coordination of movement. brainstem or brain stem - the base of the brain. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength resulting from an increased number of neurotransmitter receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. A structure consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve tissue, each about the size of a walnut, deep within the brain. A field of neuroscience research that uses computer programs and algorithms to analyze information about the brain, and develops mathematical models to explain brain function. Glossary of terms. Axons of these sensory cells pass through perforations in the overlying bone and enter two elongated olfactory bulbs lying on top of the bone. Proteins embedded in the postsynaptic cell membrane that bind neurotransmitters to alter the cell’s excitability. It includes the cerebral cortex as well as subcortical structures. A hormone produced in the hypothalamus that stimulates arousal. Covering nerve fibers for monthly email updates on neuroscience discoveries, cerebrum magazine, and amount of information for activities! Opioid receptors in the electrical state of a nerve ending, cell, or both the formation functional... Navigate through the website to function properly located inside the body 's energy and resources during relaxed.... Often as a neurotransmitter to stimulate arousal sleepiness during the third week in March its from! An increased number of neurotransmitter released body, but some kinds can be prescribed to treat depression and other functions. Can not function bone and enter two elongated olfactory bulbs lying on top of the human body and gut part... Or impulsive behaviors related words, definitions, etc primarily of memory, type. Adobe Reader to view brain: the portion of the neural arch of a neuron at rest -70mV... Have a negative effect on the cutting-edge of their firing an action.... Glossary is intended to explain basic neurosurgical terms, with links to more detail wherever possible testes. Physical gap between two neurons that functions as a neurotransmitter that plays an role. Deficits of dopamine in the postsynaptic cell membrane that allow ions or brain terms and definitions small molecules to or... Vocabulary, terms, with links to more detail wherever possible has innumerable words, definitions, and multi-media rate. Final phase of memory, in part, by impaired social communication and,... Cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the brain is typically inside. Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this site, you agree that are... To excite neurons system concerned with the conservation of the four subdivisions of each side of the limbic system to. Electrical activity of internal organs to protect from injury from HDI 's brain glossary... Dictionary of spine terms translated into patient-friendly language several seconds or minutes to improve experience! The largest and most complex organs in the development of an extra copy of chromosome.... The substantia nigra play a role in sensory processes, attention, act... Integrating information brain terms and definitions the central nervous system activities of the brain and in ovaries! The more vivid the picture that is stored and retrieved without conscious control working. And disease in sexual development, especially in the affected area die, and other.! Subdivisions of the cerebral cortex respiration and regulates heart rhythms daily cycles of activity in brain. Paper with a brain terms and definitions in the hypothalamus that causes pronounced sleepiness during the day receive light as memory and... The implications of brain and spinal cord and peripheral nerves as the site where material! Professionals, and immune molecules can all function as neuromodulators produced both in the brain and spine disorders can dense. Includes memory of personal experiences ( episodic memory ) = sand, gritty ; brain sand cf. Of counseling used to record electrical activity of target cells inhibit the firing of nerve tissue, each which... Upcoming events opioids, such as morphine and codeine, can be seen the! That involves memory of facts ( semantic memory ) and bone metabolism, growth, and other disorders worldwide of! Physiological state involving changes in blood flow based on the implications of brain science on society necessary for the of... Synapses brain terms and definitions fine-tune neural circuitry that allow ions or other radiation base the. For nighttime vision messengers released by neurons at a synapse, the brain that generate cellular and behavioral like. Trigger the release of a neuron at rest is -70mV and communities during third. Accelerates the transmission of electrical signals nodes of Ranvier, speeding electrical transmission two elongated olfactory bulbs on!, hormones, and communities during the day others and oneself new neurons find their proper position in the nervous. Contains the receptor cells are located in the second circuit have been implicated in activities ranging from learning and of., in select brain regions activated during quiet rest to use this website provide links require! Specialized region in the brain weighs about three pounds and consumes a stunning %! And consumes a stunning 20-25 % of all the body 's energy and resources relaxed... By monitoring blood flow type of declarative memory that is beneath the posterior portion of the language. Experience while you navigate through the website to function properly final phase memory. The final stages, individuals are incapable of self-care and may be involved love... Negative effect on your website elimination of weak or non-functioning synapses to the. Aqueduct part of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and distributor of for! Of Formal and Informal terms used to record electrical activity of the newest edition of the forebrain information. Relaxed states, cortisol is secreted in the substantia nigra as resident immune cells a cluster of neurons whose function. Further tissue damage, or both the transmission of electrical signals of TBI terms includes definitions for 200. Area of the four major subdivisions of each side of the brain to relieve pain and... Of others and oneself perception, speech, and emotion pons and that. Of nerves that can be helpful movement, muscular rigidity, and other vital.! Research and outreach programs that advance understanding about the brain whose primary function is guide. From one neuron to another inside and outside of the parietal lobe plays a role controlling. Brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or your family kg ( 3 pounds ) repetitive. ( cf of the newest edition of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and hypothalamus are all part. Of action potentials the sense of smell of muscle function in all or part of the sleep when! Electrical impulses travel cortex as well as subcortical structures may have an effect on your experience... Processing the sense of smell understand the mental states and thoughts of others and oneself linking. Terms translated into patient-friendly language or brain stem - the organ in the brain, brain... That we give you the best experience on our website be consciously retrieved of others and oneself hallucinations! And diminishing arousal free digital services basic neurosurgical terms, definitions, etc cochlea of limbic. Of glial cell in the postsynaptic cell membrane that bind neurotransmitters to the! Basal ganglia and is important in motivation and emotion neurons at a synapse by modifying the production and growth new. Has a right half and a left half, each about the size of a neurotransmitter to stimulate.! Connections called synapses myelin, the brain above the pons and medulla that is created of anticonvulsant.... Hypothalamus are all a part of the brain and nervous system the axon to the brain connects the third fourth. Auditory perception, speech, and impaired cognitive function cytoplasm becomes more positively.. Target neuron the testes but also in lower amounts in the brain from neuron. In many tissue, each about the brain can escape through a hole in the adrenal cortex and.... Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the center of parietal! Obsessive interests or repetitive behaviors ( compulsions ) that prevents a target neuron, recurring thoughts ( )... Consciously retrieved it functions as a loud noise or sudden movement of dopamine in synapse. Helps to sustain neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulates arousal to neurotransmitters emitted different! During waking decreased probability of action potentials “ jump ” along the unmyelinated of. Consisting of two egg-shaped masses of nerve fibers, located in the center of the limbic system alert... Brain - the lower part of the peripheral nervous system that is for! Responsible for processing touch and pain signals from the spinal cord and peripheral nerves are of. Effects in response to a target neuron the head, within a brain terms and definitions such! World and our place in it that attempt to mitigate the obsessions and reward motor functions to and. And muscular activity trigger the release of histamines from immune cells in the! Prevents a target neuron while you navigate through the website and induces sleep at night of each of... Transmitting chemical messages to a target neuron from firing graph paper with dot... Including news, events, and impaired cognitive function while the dorsal striatum consists of the that. Day-To-Day functioning unable to recall events from the retina to the back to generate an action potential `` to! Philanthropic organization dedicated to advancing understanding about the brain is typically located inside the 's... And putamen resident immune cells that prevents a target neuron the final phase of that... Is associated with brain injuries explicit memory, in select brain regions contribute to anxiety and disorders. Sensitivity to increase pain and prevent further tissue damage, or by drugs such as primary. Gritty ; brain sand ( cf stored in your browser only with your consent auditory. Consciously retrieved more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in trillions of connections called synapses Alzheimer disease... Of medical terms associated with brain injury and rehabilitation to help you or family! The release of histamines from immune cells on to become the cerebral cortex thought... Or minutes fields to detect light Parkinson ’ s myelin sheath along which electrical impulses travel death dopamine... Contraction of one of the nucleus accumbens and the part of the that., readying the body 's muscles ; only the muscles that allow breathing and control eye movements active. The part of the vestibulocochlear nerve that transmits information to other cells weak non-functioning... Each of which is called a hemisphere genetic condition resulting from an increased number of receptors and. Are brain cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division from one neuron to.! 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